地源热泵技术在中国温室设施中的应用探讨

当前在中国温室设施中应用和推广地源热泵技术尚存在诸多不利因素,大大限制了该项技术在设施农业领域中的发展。为探寻合理的解决途径,对地源热泵空调系统的关键技术和其在中国的发展概况进行了相关的阐述和分析,并以中国农业大学上庄实验站已经建成使用的地下水式温室地源热泵空调系统为实例,介绍该系统的组成、工作流程、性能参数和使用情况,探讨温室地源热泵空调系统在推广和使用中可能出现的投资较高,长时间运行性能不稳定等问题,分析其原因并提出相应的对策建议。     

遮光对彩色棉的色泽及纤维品质的影响

通过对棕色棉和绿色棉不同发育时期棉铃的遮光处理,研究了遮光对彩色棉的纤维色泽和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,棕色棉和绿色棉在-5~55 DPA(开花后的天数)遮光后,其纤维还表现各自的纤维色泽,但其纤维色泽鲜艳度和稳定性在不同遮光时期有一定程度的差别。棕色棉在25DPA以前遮光的纤维颜色比对照变淡;绿色棉在不同生育期遮光后颜色比对照深。遮光对彩色棉和白色棉纤维品质的若干指标有一定的影响,在5~15DPA遮光的纤维都比不遮光的对照粗,在30DPA遮光的纤维长度和强度都较好,35DPA以后遮光的纤维长度和强度随遮光时间的延长越来越差,在45~50DPA套袋遮光后的纤维长度、强度和整齐度都比不遮光的要低得多。     

膳食纤维的生理功能及应用现状

介绍了膳食纤维的定义。系统地阐述了其生理功能和组成,并根据其溶解性和来源不同进行了分类,进一步介绍了膳食纤维的合理摄入量和其应用状况。     

中国科学家在棉花纤维发育研究领域取得最新进展

在最近短短的几年时间里,中国科学家群体在相关国家科学基金的支持下,利用功能基因组学技术手段在棉花纤维发育研究领域取得了令人瞩目的突破性进展,使我国在棉纤维发生发育的分子机制研究方面处于世界领先地位,其中重要的研究结果发表在国际著名的期刊《ThePlantCell》等杂志上。从分子水平弄清控制棉纤维细胞伸长的真正机制,对于棉花纤维的发生与伸长的调控以及高等植物的生长和形态的建成具有重要科学意义和显著的学术意义。通过棉花纤维发育的基础研究,建立了棉纤维品质分子改良的技术平台,同时为棉花分子育种提供了纤维品质改良的关键功能基因,为进一步显著提高棉花纤维品质,创制纤维品质优异的新材料奠定了重要的基础。     

Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Structures Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Sheet

Stress redistributes after the concrete structures strenthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet. It is a question of secondary loading.Many scholars have studied it and got a lot of achievements.This paper summarizes the methods and analyzes their advantage and shortcoming. Based on it, a new method is proposed.The method is developing in large-scale general software-Ansys by using adding new elements, constitutive relationship, failure criterion,and so on.The calculation formula agrees with the experimental data.     

棉纤维发育相关基因时空表达与纤维品质的关联分析

以14个纤维品质差异的棉花品种(或品系)为材料,研究10个纤维发育相关基因时空表达变化与纤维品质的关系,为阐明棉纤维发育相关基因与纤维品质形成关系提供理论基础。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测10个基因在14个供试品种(或品系)不同纤维发育时期的相对表达量,结果表明,虽然遗传背景完全不同,但它们具有某些共同表达特征。GhExp1、GhCIPK1、GhSus1、GhSusA1和GhPL这5个基因都是在纤维伸长期优势表达;GhACT1、GhRacA和GhRacB是在纤维伸长前期和次生壁加厚期高表达;而GhCelA1和GhcelA3是在纤维伸长后期和次生壁加厚期优势表达。这些基因表达谱与纤维品质关联分析显示,GhRacA在23DPA高表达且表达量与纤维品质显著正相关,其余基因在低表达时其表达量与纤维品质呈显著性相关,而在高表达时其表达量与纤维品质无相关性。GhExp1在20DPA的表达量与纤维比强度和整齐度呈显著负相关,与伸长率呈极显著正相关;GhPL在23DPA的表达量与纤维长度呈显著负相关;GhRacA在5DPA和23DPA的表达量均与伸长率呈极显著正相关;GhRacB在10DPA的表达量与长度和整齐度呈显著负相关;GhCelA1基因在5DPA的表达量与纤维长度呈显著正相关,与马克隆值呈显著负相关,在10DPA的表达量与马克隆值呈显著正相关,与伸长率达到极显著正相关,与比强度呈显著负相关,与长度和整齐度呈极显著负相关;GhCIPK1、GhACT1、GhSus1、GhSusA1和GhCelA3 这5个基因在纤维发育各时期的表达量与纤维品质各指标未检测到相关性。     

Enhanced anther culture efficiency of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) through modification of the culture media

The production of microspore-derived green plants from anther culture of indica rice is generally very low compared with japonica cultivars. A modified anther culture medium, consisting of a higher KNO₃ content (31 mm ) and casein hydrolysate (CH, 500 mg/1) but without ammonium salts, was tested in comparison with a medium consisting of the widely-used N6 medium nitrogen background, using four indica × indica F₁ hybrids as test materials. Green plant regeneration frequency was at least three-fold higher in the microspore-calli derived from the former medium than in those derived from the modified N6 medium. More than 700 microspore-derived plants were raised in the field. Another study was carried out using indica × japonica and indica × javanica F₁ hybrids. The results indicated that a medium with higher (3.5 mm ) ammonium sulphate may induce a higher frequency of anthers with microspore-calli but not necessarily lead to a larger number of green-plant regenerating calli. Subsequently, using the indica cv. ‘IR-43’ as the test material, use of a lower level (1.75 mm ) of (NH₄)₂SO₄, in addition to KNO₃ (31 mm ), was found to be better than CH (500 mg/l) for anther-response as well as green plant regenerability of the derived microspore-calli. Nitrate-nitrogen or ammonium-nitrogen alone elicited poor response. Twenty-five media involving combinations of KNO₃ (20–34 mm ) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1–3 mm ) were tested for their effects on anther response. Combinations involving KNO₃ (31–34 mM) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (2.0–2.5 mm ) were found superior not only for achieving greater anther response but also, for subsequent green-plant regeneration. This contrasts with the 28 mm of KNO₃ and 3.5 mm of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the widely-used N6 medium developed for japonica rice. Other than potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, and potassium phosphate to some extent, the levels of other inorganic salts tested did not make any significant difference to the process of anther response. Based on these results, modified media with three levels of ammonium sulphate were tested for anther culture efficiency of indica × japonica and indica × javanica derivatives (F₃s). Microspore-calli derived from a medium of a lower (1.75 mm ) level of (NH₄)₂SO₄ showed a higher regeneration potential overall than those derived from a higher (3.5 mm ) level. A revised medium has been suggested, on the basis of these results, for the realization of improved anther culture efficiency and, consequently, improved feasibility of using doubled haploids in genetic and breeding research with indica rice.     

不同钾效率棉花基因型对低钾胁迫的反应

采用盆栽试验,对通过苗期筛选获得的4个(103、122、163、165)钾效率不同的棉花基因型进行全生育期试验,主要研究在不施钾(K2O 0 g.kg-1)与施钾(K2O 0.80 g.kg-1)条件下各部位钾含量、农艺性状、产量和纤维品质的反应。高效高潜基因型103结桃数最多,而脱落率最低;它的衣分高而子指较低,说明其能把较多养分转移到皮棉,以获得较高的经济产量;其单株皮棉产量在缺钾和施钾条件下分别是低效低潜基因型122的2.57倍和1.83倍;低效低潜基因型122的脱落率在各个时期均最高,结桃数最少,单铃重、子指、单株皮棉产量都是最小。103各个部位钾含量较低,122的钾含量则较高,说明103以较低的钾含量即能维持其正常的生长,这或许是其钾高效的因素之一;施钾显著提高了各个基因型的纤维整齐度、比强度、纤维长度和麦克隆值,但降低了伸长率;103衣分最高,纤维长度、整齐度、比强度、伸长率中等,麦克隆值施钾和缺钾分别是A1和C2级。122纤维长度为最高,衣分、整齐度、比强度中等,其伸长率最低,麦克隆值B1级。高效低潜基因型163、165的产量和纤维品质等表现中低水平。     

棉花产量与品质改进新对策

世界经济形势对棉花作为主导的纺织纤维来源提出了挑战.过去10年中,世界棉花的丰产性育种进展不大,棉农种植棉花的收益较低,棉花生产效益不稳.从目前单产水平的这种停滞状态可看出在多年的育种进程中,棉花从种植到成熟过程中产量组分所受到的生理限制.就改进产量的育种对策而言,注重产量组分比之注重衣分或铃数更为重要,此外应注重的是棉株的生理特性,如种子的含油量.而在产量处于徘徊的这段时期,经济的竞争使世界纺纱与纺织技术加速改进,以满足棉纤维品质的需求.在棉纤维加工过程中,短绒(12.7mm及以下绒长)的问题往往是造成棉纱拉力降低,尤其是对气流纺织技术.随着乌斯特公司"高级纤维信息系统"R的问世,已可以在对棉纤维长度分类时直接对棉短绒含量进行测定.本文的目的是讨论如何在保持现有纤维品质的前提下,采用新的技术与对策进一步提高产量.